England in the Age of Wycliffe George Macaulay Trevelyan Books
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England in the Age of Wycliffe George Macaulay Trevelyan Books
I bought this book to further my study of the beginnings of the reformation. I am not English, but American. I quickly became concerned when the introduction of the book dropped the names of about 40 other historians. (I didn't count but it seemed like several per page of the long introduction.) Then I discovered that this book was originally written not as a "book" but as a dissertation intended to impress some university to issue a grant (money) to the author. In short, it was not written to tell the story of these times in England but to impress a certain small group of English history speciallists - to show them how much this author had read and studied etc. If you happen to have already read 10 or 20 or 40 books of English history from this time or perhaps have been educated (and risen to the top of your class in history) in England, this book might be for you. But if you don't know this history, you won't learn much of it from this book.Product details
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Tags : England in the Age of Wycliffe [George Macaulay Trevelyan] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This book was originally published prior to 1923, and represents a reproduction of an important historical work,George Macaulay Trevelyan,England in the Age of Wycliffe,Ulan Press,B00A6OE2HW,BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY General
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England in the Age of Wycliffe George Macaulay Trevelyan Books Reviews
The conflicts between the secular and religious powers in England during the revolutionary period of 1368-1385 are masterfully explained by G.M. Trevelyan.
Real power in England (King, nobility, Church, Papacy)
The King and his government were powerless to enforce the law or to act against the nobility because their sole military resources were those commanded by the nobles themselves.
The Church was a giant privileged political, judicial and financial powerhouse. Being a part of the Catholic Church, the English Church transferred a big chunk of its revenues abroad (the Papacy, France - in war with England!).
The immorality of the Church
The Church treated sin and fear of Hell as a means of filling her coffers, preying on the vices it was supposed to correct. The sale of pardons and the venality of the confessors were in fact encouragements of sin.
Her enormous real estate wealth was the result of a custom of bequeathing land and/or money to churches and monasteries in order to secure the repetition of masses for the soul of the dead donors.
The poor
The Manorial System was based on serfdom. But, the System was undermined by the Black Plague (up to one half of the population died). The farm wages trebled and the serfs fled the manors in order to sell their labor to the highest bidders.
The Peasant's Rising of 1381
The sparkle which ignited the revolt was the levy of poll-taxes (three times in four years). The real causes, however, were the demands for a general charter of liberation of the serfs (complete personal and economic freedom) and the regulation of wages.
On the religious front, the peasants' leaders asked for a disendowment of the Church properties and the abolition of her hierarchy.
After the Rising, all socials concessions were shamelessly withdrawn by the wealthy few.
John Wycliffe
John Wycliffe supported England against the Papacy and the State against the Church. He accepted the rights of property and the performing of services even for sinful lords.
His main preoccupation, however, was the living conditions of the poor.
He pleaded for the disendowment of all religious properties, hoping that this measure would relieve the pressure of taxation on the poor. His backers within the nobility, however, saw here an opportunity to claim the restitution of the wealth given to the Church by their forebears out of fear of eternal burning. He also proposed to severe the link between the clergy and the State (State offices).
He called the religious regular orders (monks, friars = the Pope's agents for the sale of indulgences) useless and attacked the Transubstantiation theory.
With his impeccable reputation he could impose his moderate view against the call for bloody revenge from the nobility against the peasants after their Revolt.
Ultimate results
The spirit of liberty (also of thought) courageously shown by John Wycliffe, as well as the spirit of resistance to tyranny, continued to live among the population. They secured an early abolition of serfdom and feudalism in England.
The struggle against the power of the Church culminated into the changes imposed by Henry VIII.
This book, which read like a thriller, is must read for all those interested in English and medieval history. One easily understands why John Wycliffe was considered as a dangerous heretic by the Catholic Church.
N.B. I am not a professional historian. Some commentators consider G. M. Trevelyan as a partisan political (liberal) historian. Corrections on his vision are welcome.
I bought this book to further my study of the beginnings of the reformation. I am not English, but American. I quickly became concerned when the introduction of the book dropped the names of about 40 other historians. (I didn't count but it seemed like several per page of the long introduction.) Then I discovered that this book was originally written not as a "book" but as a dissertation intended to impress some university to issue a grant (money) to the author. In short, it was not written to tell the story of these times in England but to impress a certain small group of English history speciallists - to show them how much this author had read and studied etc. If you happen to have already read 10 or 20 or 40 books of English history from this time or perhaps have been educated (and risen to the top of your class in history) in England, this book might be for you. But if you don't know this history, you won't learn much of it from this book.
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